Nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid, production method and apparatus for the fluid, and leak detection method for the fluid

ABSTRACT

Suppression or enhancement of various properties of a liquid fluid is aimed by improving uniform dispersion of nanoparticles by means of making a state in which no oxidized film exists on the surfaces of the nanoparticles to be dispersed in the liquid fluid. The location of the liquid fluid is confirmed with ease by enhancing the brightness of light emission of the fluid through uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in the liquid fluid containing a material having a flame reaction. In this way, as to liquid fluids utilized in various industries, it is possible to offer a technology to desirably enhance or suppress a property desired to be enhanced and a property desired to be suppressed among various properties that its constituents have.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/547,469, filed Oct. 26, 2006, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,627,which is a National Stage Application of PCT Application No.PCT/JP2005/11024, filed Jun. 16, 2005, which claims priority to JapanesePatent Application No. 2004-178900, filed Jun. 16, 2004. The entirecontents of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/547,469 are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a nanoparticle-dispersedhigh-performance liquid fluid containing a liquid fluid such as liquidsodium for cooling nuclear reactor as a base material, with whichnanoparticles are mixed and dispersed therein for enhancing theperformance of the liquid fluid. The present invention also relates to aproduction method of the liquid fluid, a production apparatus for theliquid fluid, and a leak detection method for liquid fluid.

BACKGROUND ART

As a liquid fluid used in various industries, there are a variety ofliquid fluids beginning with, for example, liquid sodium for coolant forfast breeder reactor, a heat medium for heat exchanger that is arrangedin various facilities, and an incompressible fluid for hydraulicmachine. These liquid fluids have several properties specific to theirmaterials. When judged from purpose of use, some properties are desiredto be enhanced further, and some properties are desired to be suppressedfurther. For example, the liquid sodium for cooling has such an intensereactivity that an explosion occurs when it comes in contact with air orwater.

Relation between a property specific to such a liquid fluid and aproperty desired in view of a purpose of use is further discussed belowwith an example of liquid sodium for cooling.

The reasons that sodium is used as a coolant for fast breeder reactorexist in excellent properties that liquid sodium has, for example; (i) athermal conductivity of sodium is about 100 folds that of water, andsodium is capable of conducting heat effectively; (ii) sodium hardlymoderates neutron and has good compatibility with nuclear reactormaterials; (iii) sodium has a boiling point as high as about 880° C.,and therefore, when thermal energy is converted into steam at a heattransfer end, it is possible to obtain steam with a temperature as highas about 480° C., resulting in that electric power generation withbetter thermal efficiency becomes possible; (iv) since the boiling pointof sodium (about 880° C.) is higher than about 500° C. that is anoperation temperature for fast breeder reactor, liquid sodium can bekept in liquid as it is without application of pressure and no highpressure is necessary to be applied to nuclear reactor and pipelines,and therefore, even if a sodium leak occurs, it does not blow outrapidly, and there is no fear to lose cooling capacity of the nuclearreactor (Non-patent document 1).

On the other hand, sodium has a property of such an intense reactivitythat an explosion occurs when sodium comes in contact with air or water.However, in view of a purpose to utilize sodium as a coolant for fastbreeder reactor, this property is a property that should be suppressedbecause there is a possibility that sodium comes in contact with air orwater when it leaks from piping or the like.

Non-patent document 1: Kiso Kousokuro Kougaku Henshu Iinkai (edited):Kiso Kousokuro Kougaku, published by Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, LTD (October,1993).

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problem to be Solved by the Invention

As is described above, in various liquid fluids beginning with liquidsodium for a coolant for fast breeder reactor, there are some propertiesdesired to be enhanced and some properties desired to be suppressedamong various properties that the constituents of the liquid fluidshave, and these properties coexist. When enhancement or suppression ofthese properties can be realized as desired, it is thought that a greatcontribution is provided to various industries. However, such atechnology has not been realized so far.

The present invention was carried out in view of the circumstancesdescribed above, and the object of the present invention is to provide atechnology in which, in liquid fluids being utilized in variousindustries, a property desired to be enhanced and a property desired tobe suppressed among various properties that their constituents have areenhanced or suppressed as desired according to purposes of use(hereinafter, performance enhancement).

Means for Solving Problem

As a result of assiduous research to solve the problems, the presentinventors obtained the following findings.

That is; (1) it was confirmed that when a ultrafine particle material innanometer size (for example, nickel ultrafine particles) was mixed to bedispersed in a liquid fluid, for example, liquid sodium, changes in aflow property of the nanoparticle-dispersed liquid sodium that thereactivity to air and water was drastically reduced, thenanoparticle-dispersed liquid sodium had difficulty to pass through anarrow crevice like flaw of crack of piping or the like, and so forthoccurred. Further, in other liquid fluids, changes such as reduction intoxicity and enhancement of heat conduction property occur.

Note that the constituent of the nanoparticle here is at least one kindselected from metals and nonmetals. Examples of the metals includesingle-element metals, such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti),and cobalt (Co); their metallic compounds, such as oxides, nitrides, andsilicides; and alloys, such as stainless steel and chrome molybdenumsteel, and the like. Further, examples of the nonmetals include silicon,carbon, and the like. Nanoparticles can be obtained by crushing themetal or nonmetal into particles with a particle diameter of not largerthan 1000 nm, preferably from 0.1 to 500 nm, and more preferably from 1to 100 nm. In addition, there are materials currently commerciallyavailable as nanoparticles. For example, “nickel fine powder” “copperfine powder”, and “cobalt fine powder” produced by Sumitomo ElectricIndustries, Ltd., “nickel metal nanopowder”, “copper metal nanopowder”,and “cobalt metal nanopowder” produced by Japan Nanotech Co. Ltd., andthe like are available.

(2) Since some variations in these eminent effects were recognized atfirst, the present inventors further investigated through experimentswith the aim of obtaining the effects stably and repeatedly. As theresult, it was found that uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in aliquid fluid was required to enhance the reliability of the effects. Inorder to make this uniform dispersion possible, it was found that noformation of an oxidized film on the surface of the nanaoparticle was animportant factor. When an oxidized film is present on the surface of thenanoparticle, its affinity for liquid sodium that is the base material(lyophilic property) is not excellent. Accordingly, even thoughnanoparticles are mixed while agitating the liquid sodium sufficiently,the nanoparticles partially aggregate in the liquid sodium, resulting inpoor uniform dispersion. On the other hand, when the nanoparticles areconverted to a state that oxidized films are not present on the surfacesthereof by removing or reducing the oxidized films, the affinity for theliquid sodium that is the base material becomes better. As the result,when the nanoparticles are mixed while agitating the liquid sodium, theyare dispersed not only easily but also uniformly.

(3) Next, a specific method to realize a state in which thenanoparticles did not have oxidized films on their surfaces wasinvestigated. First, it was found that, when broadly classified, (a) amethod in which oxidized films were removed before the nanoparticleswere mixed with liquid sodium, (b) a method to remove oxidized filmswhile mixing, and (c) a method in which the surfaces of particles werecovered with sodium atoms at the time of production of nanoparticles, inother words, a method in which the surface was covered with sodium atomsbefore formation of an oxidized film on the surface of the nanoparticlewere realizable.

Specifically, the method (a) can be achieved by placing thenanoparticles having formed an oxide film under hydrogen gas atmosphere.Next, the method (b) can be achieved by mixing and agitating an oxygengetter before or after mixing nanoparticles in liquid sodium. Theoxidized film is reduced during the agitating process. The last method(c) can be achieved by a novel apparatus. That is, it is possible to usea production apparatus composed of at least an evaporation chamber inwhich sodium and a material of the nanoparticles are vaporized and mixedunder inert gas atmosphere; a molecular-beam chamber connected to theevaporation chamber via a small hole, in which the vaporized mixtureinside the evaporation chamber issued from the small hole is receivedunder vacuum atmosphere and a nanoparticle/sodium complex in a formwhere sodium atoms are adsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles inthe vaporized mixture is separated from other atomic sodium andnanoparticles depending on mass differences, and a collection chamberconnected to the molecular-beam chamber, in which the separatednanoparticle/sodium complex is collected under vacuum atmosphere. Withthe manufacturing apparatus, nanoparticles with their surface coveredwith sodium atoms without surface oxide film can be obtained.

(4) After going through the series of the aforementioned experimentalinvestigations, it was finally confirmed that another specific propertya liquid fluid had was remarkably enhanced. There is a particularmaterial that includes a constituent atom which emits light having aline spectrum upon application of a predetermined energy such as flameor electric discharge. It was observed that addition of nanoparticles toa liquid fluid containing at least the aforementioned particularmaterial resulted in drastic increase in the brightness of the lighthaving the line spectrum. For example, when nanoparticles were uniformlydispersed in liquid sodium under inert gas atmosphere, it was observedthat emission of sodium D-line was enhanced in brightness as high asnaked eyes could confirm when it was placed in the dark.

A light that naked eyes of human can recognize, so-called visible lightis a light in a wavelength region of about from 400 nm to 800 nm,whereas the wavelength of emission of sodium D-line is 589.6 nm, and theemission can be recognized with naked eyes as a yellow light if it has asufficient brightness. However, the emission of sodium D-line cannot bedetected even by a photodetector, to say nothing of naked eyes becauseits brightness is extremely low unless excited by flame or electricdischarge. As shown in FIG. 9, conventionally, to detect the presence orabsence of a leak of liquid sodium from an opaque wall 1 of piping,container, and the like in a fast breeder reactor, laser beams wereirradiated from tunable laser 3 to a generated gas (sodium gas) 2 at aninspection point to excite and amplify a faint emission of sodium D-lineof the leaked sodium gas 2, and its excited atomic fluorescence 4 wascondensed with a lens 5, thereby detecting it by a photodetector 6. Insuch a conventional leak detector, the photodetector 6 is composed of aspectroscope 6 a and an image intensified charged couple device (ICCD)detector 6 b. Timing of irradiating the tunable laser 3 and control ofthe shutter for opening/closing of the ICCD detector 6 b are carried outby a controller 7. That is because the gas of inert gas atmosphere atthe inspection point is excited by the laser irradiation with thetunable laser 3 to emit light, and the emission duration of thisatmosphere gas and the duration of the atomic fluorescence 4 of thesodium gas 2 are different from each other. In other words, since theemission of the gas of the inert gas atmosphere after the laserirradiation decays in the first place, and the atomic fluorescence 4 ofthe sodium gas 2 decays later, opening the shutter of the ICCD detector6 b is necessary after the decay of the emission of the atmosphere gas.

On the other hand, when the brightness is enhanced to a level at whichemission of sodium D-line can be detected by naked eyes only by means ofdispersing the nanoparticles in the liquid sodium uniformly as describedabove, the use of tunable laser is not required, and no excitation ofthe gas of inert gas atmosphere is not accompanied, and therefore, itbecomes possible to detect a gas leak easily with a leak detector in asimple structure including a photodetector and an optical system.Accordingly, when the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid of the present invention is used in place of a conventional liquidfluid, it becomes possible to remarkably reduce a facility cost and arunning cost for leak detection. This leads to easy confirmation of leakand location thereof (for example, moving velocity and spreadingvelocity) of not only liquid sodium for cooling but also anyconventional liquid fluids, and benefits to industries in reduction incost, acquisition of convenience, and the like that are associated withutilization of its properties become immense.

The present invention was carried out based on the findings describedabove.

In other words, the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluidaccording to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention is ananoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid enhanced in theperformance by mixing and dispersing nanoparticles uniformly in a liquidfluid as the base material and is characterized in that no oxidized filmis present on the surfaces of the nanoparticles in the liquid fluid basematerial, and the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the liquidfluid base material.

The nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of a secondexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in thatthe nanoparticle is at least one kind of ultrafine particle selectedfrom a metal or a nonmetal in the nanoparticle-dispersedhigh-performance liquid fluid according to the first exemplaryembodiment.

The nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of a thirdexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that aparticle size of the nanoparticle is not larger than 1000 nm in diameterin the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according tothe first exemplary embodiment.

The nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of a fourthexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in thatthe performance enhancement represents reduction in the specificreactivity possessed by the liquid fluid as the base material in thenanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according to thefirst exemplary embodiment.

The nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of a fifthexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in thatthe liquid fluid that is the base material is liquid sodium in thenanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according to thefirst exemplary embodiment.

The nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of a sixthexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in thatthe performance enhancement represents reduction in the reactivity toair or water possessed by the liquid sodium that is the base material inthe nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according tothe fifth exemplary embodiment.

The nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of a seventhexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in thatthe performance enhancement represents reduction in minute-crackpenetration property possessed by the liquid sodium that is the basematerial in the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluidaccording to the fifth exemplary embodiment.

The nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of an eighthexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in thatthe performance enhancement represents enhancement of the brightness ofD-line emission specific to the liquid sodium that is the base materialin the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according tothe fifth exemplary embodiment.

A ninth exemplary embodiment of the present invention relates to aproduction method of a nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid, and this production method is characterized in that afternanoparticles are treated so as not to allow oxidized films to exist onthe surfaces of the nanoparticles, the liquid fluid is enhanced in theperformance by uniformly dispersing the nanoparticles in the liquidfluid.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a tenth exemplary embodiment of the present inventionis characterized in that removal of oxidized films on the surfaces ofthe nanoparticles is realized by placing the nanoparticles underhydrogen gas atmosphere for a predetermined time in the productionmethod according to the ninth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to an eleventh exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the liquid fluid is enhanced in theperformance by mixing nanoparticles with the liquid fluid, reducing theoxidized films on the surfaces of the nanoparticles at the same time,and dispersing the nanoparticles in the liquid fluid uniformly.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twelfth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the reduction of the oxidized filmson the surfaces of the nanoparticles is realized by putting an oxygengetter into the liquid fluid before or after adding the nanoparticles inthe liquid fluid in the production method according to the eleventhexemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a thirteenth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that a material is used as the oxygengetter in the production method according to the twelfth exemplaryembodiment, wherein the standard free energy of formation upon formingan oxide of the material is smaller than the standard free energy offormation upon forming oxides of other materials constituting thenanoparticles and the liquid fluid.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a fourteenth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the material of the liquid fluid andthe material of the nanoparticles are vaporized and mixed together underinert gas atmosphere, a nanoparticle/fluid atom complex in a form whereconstituting atoms of the material of the liquid fluid are adsorbed onthe surfaces of the nanoparticles produced by the vaporization andmixing is separated from other atomic constituents of the liquid fluidand nanoparticles by means of issuing this vaporized mixture from asmall hole under vacuum atmosphere depending on mass differences, andthe separated nanoparticle/fluid atom complex is dispersed in the liquidfluid as the base material.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a fifteenth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the nanoparticle is at least one kindof ultrafine particle selected from a metal or a nonmetal in theproduction method according to the ninth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a sixteenth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the nanoparticle is at least one kindof ultrafine particle selected from a metal or a nonmetal in theproduction method according to the eleventh exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a seventeenth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the nanoparticle is at least one kindof ultrafine particle selected from a metal or a nonmetal in theproduction method according to the fourteenth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to an eighteenth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the particle size of the nanoparticleis not larger than 1000 nm in diameter in the production methodaccording to the ninth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a nineteenth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the particle size of the nanoparticleis not larger than 1000 nm in diameter in the production methodaccording to the eleventh exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twentieth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the particle size of the nanoparticleis not larger than 1000 nm in diameter in the production methodaccording to the fourteenth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-first exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in a specific reactivity possessed by the liquidfluid as the base material in the production method according to theninth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-second exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in the specific reactivity possessed by the liquidfluid as the base material in the production method according to theeleventh exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-third exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in the specific reactivity possessed by the liquidfluid as the base material in the production method according to thefourteenth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-fourth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the liquid fluid that is the basematerial is liquid sodium in the production method according to theninth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-fifth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the liquid fluid that is the basematerial is liquid sodium in the production method according to theeleventh exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-sixth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the liquid fluid that is the basematerial is liquid sodium in the production method according to thefourteenth exemplary embodiment.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-seventh exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in reactivity to air or water possessed by theliquid sodium that is the base material in the production methodaccording any one of the twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth and twenty-sixthexemplary embodiments.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-eighth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in minute-crack penetration property possessed bythe liquid sodium that is the base material in the production methodaccording to any one of the twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth and twenty-sixthexemplary embodiments.

The production method of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to a twenty-ninth exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents enhancement of the brightness of D-line emission specific tothe liquid sodium that is the base material in the production methodaccording to any one of the twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth and twenty-sixthexemplary embodiments.

A thirtieth exemplary embodiment of the present invention relates to aproduction apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid, and this production apparatus is a production apparatus for ananoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid enhanced in theperformance by mixing and dispersing nanoparticles in a liquid fluid asthe base material, and is characterized in at least having: anevaporation chamber in which the material of the liquid fluid and thematerial of the nanoparticles are vaporized and mixed under inert gasatmosphere; a molecular-beam chamber connected to the evaporationchamber via a small hole, in which the vaporized mixture inside theevaporation chamber issued from the small hole is received under vacuumatmosphere, and “the nanoparticle/liquid fluid constituting atom complexin a form where constituting atoms of the liquid fluid material areadsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles (hereinafter,nanoparticle/fluid atom complex)” formed in the vaporized mixture isseparated from other atomic constituents of the liquid fluid andnanoparticles depending on mass differences; and a collection chamberconnected to the molecular-beam chamber, in which the separatednanoparticle/fluid atom complex is collected under vacuum atmosphere.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-first exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that a uniform mixing unit to mixand disperse the nanoparticle/fluid atom complex in the liquid fluid isprovided in the downstream of the collection chamber in the productionapparatus according to the thirtieth exemplary embodiment.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-second exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that the nanoparticle is at leastone kind of ultrafine particle selected from a metal or a nonmetal inthe production apparatus according to the thirtieth exemplaryembodiment.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-third exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that the size of the nanoparticleis formed so as to be not larger than 1000 nm in diameter in theproduction apparatus according to the thirtieth exemplary embodiment.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-fourth exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in a specific reactivity possessed by the liquidfluid as the base material in the production apparatus according to thethirtieth exemplary embodiment.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-fifth exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that the liquid fluid that is thebase material is liquid sodium in the production apparatus according tothe thirtieth exemplary embodiment.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-sixth exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in the reactivity to air or water possessed by theliquid sodium that is the base material in the production apparatusaccording to the thirty-fifth exemplary embodiment.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-seventh exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents reduction in the minute-crack penetration property possessedby the liquid sodium that is the base material in the productionapparatus according to the thirty-fifth exemplary embodiment.

The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid according to a thirty-eighth exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is characterized in that the performance enhancementrepresents enhancement of the brightness of D-line emission specific tothe liquid sodium that is the base material in the production apparatusaccording to the thirty-fifth exemplary embodiment.

A thirty-ninth exemplary embodiment of the present invention relates toa leak detection method for liquid fluid, and this leak detection methodis characterized in that a leak is detected easily and promptly bydispersing nanoparticles uniformly in a liquid fluid containing at leasta material having a flame reaction to enhance the brightness of lightemission of the liquid fluid and detecting the light emission enhancedin brightness of the leaked liquid fluid when the liquid fluid leaksthrough an opaque wall.

The leak detection method for liquid fluid according to a fortiethexemplary embodiment of the present invention is characterized in thatthe liquid fluid is liquid sodium in the leak detection method accordingto the thirty-ninth exemplary embodiment.

Effects of the Invention

The nanoparticle-dispersed liquid fluid of the present invention is ananoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid enhanced in theperformance by mixing and dispersing nanoparticles uniformly in a liquidfluid as the base material and is characterized in that no oxidized filmexists on the surfaces of the nanoparticles in the liquid fluid basematerial, and the nanoparticles are dispersed in the liquid fluid basematerial uniformly. Owing to such a composition, it becomes possible todesirably enhance or suppress a property desired to be enhanced and aproperty desired to be suppressed further among various specificproperties possessed by a liquid fluid according to the purpose of use.Therefore, according to the present invention, since an alternativeliquid fluid with high performance can be provided at low cost only bymixing nanoparticles in a liquid fluid conventionally used in variousindustrial fields in a state where no oxidized film exists on thesurfaces of the nanoparticles, followed by dispersing them uniformly,its application effect on industries is enormous. Particularly, when thenanoparticles are applied to a liquid fluid having an emission property,the brightness of the light emission can be significantly increased,which makes it possible to obtain significant effects that detection ofa leak of the liquid fluid, confirmation of its location (measurement ofmoving velocity, dispersion velocity and the like), and the like becomeeasy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram to explain a first embodiment of the presentinvention and is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus ofhydrogen reduction to reduce oxidized films on the surfaces ofnanoparticles;

FIG. 2 is a diagram to explain a second embodiment of the presentinvention and is a schematic structural diagram of a productionapparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid thatcarries out reduction of oxidized films on the surfaces of nanoparticlesand uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in a liquid fluid at thesame time;

FIG. 3 is a graph of standard free energy of formation/temperature foroxide formation that becomes a standard when an oxygen getteressentially used for the production apparatus shown in FIG. 2 isselected;

FIG. 4 is a diagram to explain a third embodiment of the presentinvention and is a schematic structural diagram of a productionapparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid,characterized in that production of nanoparticles and bonding of atomsof the material constituting a liquid fluid that is the base material tothe surfaces of the formed nanoparticles are carried out at the sametime;

FIG. 5 is a detailed structural diagram of an evaporation chamberconstituting part of the production apparatus shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a diagram to explain enhancement in brightness of lightemission property in the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid of the present invention and is a perspective view representing astate where the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid ina crucible is emitting;

FIG. 7 is a graph representing the light-emission brightness determinedfrom images obtained by imaging the emission area shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a diagram to explain a fourth embodiment of the presentinvention and is a schematic structural diagram representing a leakdetection method for liquid fluid according to the present invention;and

FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram representing a conventionalleak detection method for liquid fluid.

EXPLANATIONS OF LETTERS AND NUMERALS

-   1. Opaque wall-   2. Leaked liquid sodium-   3. Tunable laser-   4. Photodetector-   10. Glass tube-   11. Nanoparticles-   12. Gold furnace-   13. Gas inflow pipe-   13 a. Open/close valve-   14. Gas outflow pipe-   14 a. Open/close valve-   15. Flowmeter-   16. Mixer-   18. 19, Mass flow controller-   20. Hydrogen tank-   21. Nitrogen tank-   22. Branch pipe-   22 a. Open/Close valve-   30. Crucible-   31. Mantle heater-   32. Liquid sodium-   33. Stirrer device-   33 a. Stirrer propeller-   34. Thermocouple-   35. Aluminum wire (oxygen getter)-   40. Evaporation chamber-   41. Molecular-beam chamber-   42. Collection chamber-   43. Small hole-   44. Vaporized mixture-   45. Nanoparticle/fluid atom complex-   46. Atomic material-   47. Opening/closing unit-   48. Sodium metal bar-   49. Nickel bar-   50, 51. Pulse laser beam-   52. Molecular beam-   53, 54. Skimmer-   55, 56, 57. Siphon-   58. Collection plate-   60. Emission area-   70. Nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid sodium-   71. Emission-   72. Condenser lens-   73. Simple photodetector

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention are explained indetail based on the accompanying drawings. Note that the embodimentsexplained below are mere examples to explain the present inventionexemplarily and do not limit the present invention at all.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus of hydrogenreduction of nanoparticles to obtain “nanoparticles that do not haveoxidized films on the surfaces” constituting a nanoparticle-dispersedhigh-performance liquid fluid of the present invention. The numeral 10in the figure represents a glass tube to put in nanoparticles 11, andthis glass tube 10 is fixed to a gold furnace 12. To the glass tube 10,a gas inflow pipe 13 and a gas outflow pipe 14 are connected, andopen/close valves 13 a and 14 a are placed in the flow of each of thepipes 13 and 14, respectively. A flowmeter 15 is arranged in theupstream of the gas inflow pipe 13, and a gas mixer 16 is connected inthe further upstream thereof. Two gas pipes are connected to the mixer16, and mass flow controllers 18 and 19 are attached to both of the twogas pipes, respectively. A hydrogen gas tank 20 is connected to one ofthe pipes and a nitrogen gas tank 21 is connected to the other pipe. Theglass tube 10 can be detached in a hermetic state from the flow path bymeans of stoppers not shown. The numeral 22 in the figure represents abranch pipe, and an open/close valve 22 a is attached to this branchpipe 22. Degassing of the pipe system is possible by opening theopen/close valve 22 a.

Reduction processing for oxidized films on the surfaces of nanoparticesby the apparatus of hydrogen reduction is carried out as follow. First,nanoparticles on which oxidized films have been formed on the surfacesare put in the glass tube 10. The open/close valves 13 a and 14 a areopened, the stoppers of the hydrogen tank 20 and the nitrogen tank 21are opened, respectively, and each of the mass flow controllers 18 and19 is adjusted to prepare a hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas at a desiredratio in the mixer 16. This mixed gas is supplied to the glass tube 10at a predetermined flow rate while monitoring with the flowmeter 15. Thenanoparticles 11 in the glass tube 10 are exposed to thehydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas at the predetermined flow rate, and theoxidized films on the surfaces are reduced to give nanoparticles freefrom oxidized films on the surfaces. After a reduction time setexperientially has passed, not only the open/close valve 22 a fordegassing is opened but also the open/close valve 14 a is closed, andthen the open/close valve 13 a is closed. Then, the glass tube 10 ismade hermetic with the use of the stoppers not shown to be detached fromthe gas flow path, and it is transferred to a process of dispersion in aliquid fluid such as liquid sodium.

A specific example of hydrogen reduction conditions by the apparatus ofhydrogen reduction includes that, when a hydrogen concentration is 10%,a treatment temperature is 180° C., a gas flow rate is from 100 to 200mL/min, and treatment time is from 6 to 60 seconds to carry outreduction processing of 0.1 g of nanoparticles.

In the process of dispersion in the liquid fluid, the nanoparticles arepoured from the glass tube 10 into the liquid fluid filled in acontainer such as crucible while agitating the liquid fluid. A desiredeffect can be obtained in a mixing content of the nanoparticles in theliquid fluid at least 10 parts per million (ppm). Preferably a mixing at50 ppm is good and a mixing at 100 ppm is quite sufficient. Thenanoparticles have been treated to a state without any oxidized films onthe surfaces in the hydrogen reduction processing, and therefore, theaffinity for a liquid fluid is high, and the nanoparticles are easy tobe mixed and dispersed uniformly. To make this uniform dispersionbetter, it is preferred that the particle distribution of thenanoparticles is as narrow as possible.

Second Embodiment

FIG. 2 represents an example of a production apparatus fornanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid in a laboratoryscale. This production apparatus is an apparatus in a case where liquidsodium is used as a liquid fluid.

The numeral 30 in the figure represents a ceramic crucible arranged in amantle heater 31, and liquid sodium 32 is filled in its inside, kept atfrom 250° C. to 350° C., and placed under an inert gas. In theapproximate center of the crucible 30, a stirrer propeller 33 a of astirrer device 33 is inserted, and a thermocouple 34 for temperaturemeasurement is inserted near the sidewall. Further, an aluminum wire 35formed in a spiral fashion along the inner wall is arranged in thecrucible 30 as an oxygen getter.

The removal of the oxidized films on the surfaces of the nanoparticlesby the production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid in the structure and simultaneous production of ananoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid are carried out asfollow.

For example, nickel ultrafine particles are used as the nanoparticles.Since oxidized films have already been generally formed immediatelyafter these nickel ultrafine particles are produced, the nickelultrafine particles are used on the precondition that oxidized films onthe surfaces exist. These nanoparticles are gradually added to theliquid sodium 32 inside the crucible 30 until they become from 20 to 30mass percent (%) of the whole amount of sodium (it is an excess amountbut the uniform dispersion concentration finally settles to from 10 to100 ppm. The excess particles precipitate.) During the addition, thestirrer propeller 33 a is rotated at all times to agitate the liquidsodium 32 sufficiently. Since the standard free energy of formation whenthe oxide of aluminum constituting the aluminum wire 35 is produced islower than that of sodium and nickel as shown by the graph in FIG. 3,oxygen bound to nickel is liberated from the nickel to come to bind toaluminum. As the result, the oxidized films on the surfaces of thenickel ultrafine particles are reduced, leading to a state in which nooxidized film exists on the surfaces of the nickel ultrafine particles.The nickel ultrafine particles without any oxidized film on the surfaceshave a good affinity for the liquid sodium 32, and therefore becomeeasily dispersed and distributed in the liquid sodium 32 uniformly. Tobe more precise, sampling is carried out with the use of a sampling tubemade of stainless steel not shown or the like, and the temperature ofthe sample is lowered to observe the section of the solidified block,which makes it possible to confirm the uniform distribution by observingwhether there are any precipitates or aggregates of the nickel ultrafineparticles.

In this way, an oxygen getter is put in the liquid fluid in advance, anduniform dispersion of the nanoparticles is aimed while removing oxidizedfilms on the surfaces of the nanoparticles by mixing the nanoparticleswhile agitating the liquid fluid, and therefore, there is an advantagethat a nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid can beeffectively produced.

Note that, in this second embodiment, the aluminum wire (oxygen getter)is arranged in advance in the liquid sodium filled in the crucible,however, even if the aluminum wire is put in after beginning to add andmix the nickel ultrafine particles, a similar effect can be obtained.

Third Embodiment

FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 represent another embodiment of the productionapparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid. Thisproduction apparatus is composed of an evaporation chamber 40, amolecular-beam chamber 41, and a collection chamber 42 that aresequentially connected to each other.

The evaporation chamber 40 is a chamber where a material serving as aliquid fluid (e.g. sodium) and a material serving as nanoparticles (e.g.nickel) are vaporized and mixed under inert gas atmosphere.

The molecular-beam chamber 41 is a chamber connected to the evaporationchamber 40 via a small hole 43, in which a vaporized mixture 44 insidethe evaporation chamber 40 issued from the small hole 43 is receivedunder vacuum atmosphere, and “the nanoparticle/liquid fluid constitutingatom complex in a form where constituting atoms of the liquid fluidmaterial are adsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles (hereinafter,nanoparticle/fluid atom complex)” 45 formed in the vaporized mixture isseparated from other atomic constituents of the liquid fluid andnanoparticles 46 depending on mass differences.

The collection chamber 42 is a chamber connected to the molecular-beamchamber 41, in which the separated nanoparticle/fluid atom complex 45 iscollected under vacuum atmosphere.

A further detailed structure of the evaporation chamber 40 is shown inFIG. 5. An opening/closing unit 47 is arranged on the side opposite tothe small hole 43 of the chamber 40, and an inert gas such as helium(He)+argon (Ar) mixed gas is introduced into the inside of the chamber40. In addition, in the chamber 40, blocks of the constituents of theliquid fluid, for example, a sodium metal bar 48 and a block of theconstituent of the nanoparticles, for example, a nickel bar 49 can berotatably arranged. To the sodium metal bar 48 and the nickel bar 49,pulse laser beams 50 and 51 can be irradiated from outside,respectively.

In the chamber 40 in the described structure, two kinds of metal rods(the sodium metal bar 48 and the nickel bar 49) desired to be mixed arevaporized by irradiation of the pulse laser beams 50 and 51. A He+Armixed gas is issued as a carrier gas from the small hole 43 to thevacuum atmosphere in the adjacent molecular chamber 41 to form amolecular beam 52. In such a laser vaporization method, it is possibleto vaporize a target metal even though its melting point is fairly high,which is advantageous. As the described pulse laser beams 50 and 51, forexample, second harmonic YAG laser (wave length of 532 nm, output of 300mJ) such as copper vapor laser is used, and laser beams are allowed tobe condensed with a condenser lens. When a metal is vaporized with theuse of pulse laser, the molecular beam 52 is generally generated in apulse form to reduce load of an exhauster of a vacuum system. In themolecular beam 52, the atomic metals 46 resulted from vaporization ofeach metal and the nanoparticle/fluid atom complex 45 in a state(molecular state) where sodium atoms are adsorbed on the surfaces of thenanoparticles (nickel ultrafine particles) are mixed.

In the described vacuum chamber 41, skimmers 53 and 54 are sequentiallyarranged along the flow direction of the molecular beam 52, and thevacuum chamber 41 is partitioned into two chambers by these skimmers 53and 54. To each partitioned chamber, siphons 55 and 56 connected tovacuum pumps not shown are connected, respectively. The atomic materialsin the molecular beam 52 are captured in each chamber by these skimmers53 and 54 and discharged from the siphons to the outside of the system.The rest of the nanoparticle/fluid atom complex 45 is flown to theadjacent collection chamber 42 without being captured by the skimmers 53and 53.

The collection chamber 42 is connected to a siphon 57 which aresimilarly connected to a non-shown vacuum pump, and the inside of thechamber is under vacuum atmosphere. In this collection chamber 42, acollection plate 58 is arranged so as to obstruct the molecular beam 52perpendicularly. Most molecular beam 52 reaching here is practicallycomposed of the nanoparticle/fluid atom complex 45. The fast-speed flowof the complex 45 collides against the collection plate 58 and thecomplex 45 accumulates in the chamber 42.

The nanoparticle/fluid atom complex 45 prepared and collected asdescribed above has become particles in a state where sodium atoms areadsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles (nickel ultrafineparticles) or aggregates (cluster), and the surface portions are coveredwith sodium, and therefore, when the particles or the aggregates areadded to liquid sodium that is the base material of the liquid fluid andthen agitated, they are mixed with ease and become in a state of uniformdispersion instantly. According to the apparatus and the productionmethod of this embodiment, making a nanoparticle and protection of itssurface can be carried out at the same time. Thus, an oxidized film isnot formed. In addition, since the atoms protecting the surface areatoms of the constituents of the liquid fluid, the affinity of theobtained complex particles or cluster for the liquid fluid that is thebase material becomes very high. Accordingly, it is possible to producea nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid of high qualityat low cost.

Typical properties that are performance enhanced in thenanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid prepared accordingto the three described methods for removing oxidized films on thesurfaces are briefly explained below. It is judged that the effect ofenhanced properties results from sufficient removal of the oxidizedfilms by the removing unit for oxidized film specific to the presentinvention and highly uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in theliquid fluid.

First, as the performance enhancement confirmed from the beginning ofthe research, the following items can be listed.

(1) When the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid usedin the piping or the container leaks, the virtual leak volume of theliquid fluid that is the base material becomes less by the volumeoccupied by the nanoparticles compared to a conventional liquid fluid,assuming that the leak volume containing the nanoparticles and the leakvolume without containing the nanoparticles are equal to each other, andtherefore, the reactivity or toxicity possessed by the liquid fluiditself that is the base material is reduced.

(2) When cracking occurs in the piping, the container, or the like, theuniformly dispersing nanoparticles serve as a flow resistance for theliquid fluid that is the base material, and therefore, the leak volumeis significantly reduced compared to that of a conventional liquidfluid.

(3) Since the liquid fluid that is the base material is trapped inlayers on the outer peripheral surfaces of the nanoparticles that havebeen uniformly dispersed in the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid, emergence of the reactivity of the liquid fluid that isthe base material can be comparatively delayed.

(4) It becomes possible to enhance the heat transfer propertysignificantly compared to the conventional heat transfer medium byselecting ultrafine metal particles having a thermal conductivitysuitable for nanoparticles and uniformly dispersing them in a liquidfluid that is a heat transfer medium for a conventional heat exchanger.

When the present inventors further studied through investigation on theproperties of the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluidhaving excellently high uniform dispersion obtained by the presentinvention, they could find with a surprise that a property changeseemingly adverse to the reduction in the reactivity as described aboveoccurred.

Specifically, this change was confirmed in the middle of the process inwhich the liquid sodium 32 as the base material was filled in thecrucible 30 as shown in FIG. 6 and subjected to agitating operationunder heating so as to uniformly disperse nickel ultrafine particles asnanoparticles in this base material. It was confirmed that, when theenvironment was made dark in a state that the nanoparticles wereuniformly dispersed in the crucible 30 heated under inert gasatmosphere, the liquid sodium in the crucible 30 emitted light with abrightness as high as naked eyes could recognize. Since liquid sodiumwithout being mixed with the nanoparticles did not have a brightness ashigh as naked eyes could confirm as described hereinbefore in FIG. 9, aleak of liquid sodium from the piping could not be detected even by aphotodetector unless emission of sodium D-line was excited by making useof a tunable laser system that was troublesome in maintenance andoccupied a large space. However, only by dispersing the nanoparticlesuniformly, the brightness of liquid sodium is enhanced as high as nakedeyes can confirm.

The present inventors placed the crucible 30 in the dark environment andimaged an emission area 60 and its adjacent area in a flame form fromthe nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance flow fluid in the crucible30 with a CCD imaging device. The brightness of the pixels on itspicture image was analyzed and digitalized, thereby making a graph byplotting with the distance from the center of the flame-like emissionarea on the horizontal axis and the brightness of the light emission onthe vertical axis. The graph was shown in FIG. 7. This graph shows thenumber of pixels as a measure of the brightness of the light emission.Even though the brightness in a case of only conventional liquid sodiumwithout addition of the nanoparticles is similarly imaged, no brightpixels appear, which makes display on a graph impossible. If thebrightness were displayed on FIG. 7, the line would be overlapped withthe base line of the graph. It is possible to confirm from the graph inFIG. 7 that the ascending rate of the relative brightness in theemission area is extremely high in the case of thenanoparticle-dispersed sodium.

Fourth Embodiment

This fourth embodiment shows one embodiment in which the above-describedbrightness-enhancing phenomenon of the liquid fluid is utilized. Thisembodiment is for realization of an apparatus and a method for detectinga leak of nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid sodium resultedfrom uniformly dispersing nanoparticles in liquid sodium as a coolantfor fast breeder reactor.

This embodiment is explained with the use of FIG. 8. The same componentsshown as those shown in FIG. 9 are designated by the same numerals inthe figure, thereby simplifying explanations. When a leak occurs causedby a crack or the like in the opaque wall 1 of the piping, thecontainer, or the like, the leak is easily detected with a simplephotodetector 73 by means of only measuring its emission 71 by simplycondensing with a condenser lens 72 because the leakednanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid sodium 70 emits with abrightness as high as naked eyes can confirm in the dark when thecoolant inside is the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidsodium according to the present invention.

In this case, the brightness of the nanoparticle-dispersedhigh-performance sodium 70 has been enhanced without application ofexcitation energy such as laser beams from the outside. Thus, thesurrounding atmosphere is in a normal state and not excited, andtherefore no emission phenomenon occurs. That is, when emission can beconfirmed at a measuring point, it means that the emission is causedonly by the nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance sodium (vapor) 70.Accordingly, it is unnecessary to measure by setting time lag with acontroller by making use of CCD imaging device with a shutter function,and it is possible to know in real time whether a leak occurs when theamount of light at a target point is instantly measured with the simplephotodetector 73.

For the leak detector in this case, it can be composed of a simple photodetection system that is a combination of the condenser lens 72 and thesimple photodetector 73, and therefore, it is possible to monitor a leakat low cost and in a small space.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As has been described hereinbefore, the nanoparticle-dispersed liquidfluid of the present invention is characterized in that no oxidized filmexists on the surfaces of the nanoparticles in the base material ofliquid fluid and the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the basematerial of the liquid fluid. Owing to the composition, it is possibleto desirably enhance or suppress a property desired to be enhanced and aproperty desired to be suppressed among various specific propertiespossessed by a liquid fluid for a purpose of use. Therefore, accordingto the present invention, a high-performance alternative liquid fluidcan be offered at low cost only by mixing and dispersing nanoparticlesuniformly in a state of absence of oxidized films on the surfaces in aliquid fluid conventionally used in various industrial fields. Thus, theadvantage of industrial applicability is enormous. Particularly when itis applied to a liquid fluid having a light-emitting property, itsbrightness of the light emission can be significantly enhanced, and aremarkable effect that detection of a leak of the liquid fluid,confirmation of its location (measurement of moving velocity anddispersion velocity, and the like), and the like become easy to becarried out is obtained.

1. A production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performanceliquid fluid enhanced in performance by mixing and dispersingnanoparticles in a liquid fluid as a base material, the apparatuscomprising: an evaporation chamber in which the liquid fluid and thenanoparticles are vaporized and mixed under inert gas atmosphere; amolecular-beam chamber connected to the evaporation chamber via a smallhole, in which the vaporized mixture inside the evaporation chamberissued from the small hole is received under vacuum atmosphere, and ananoparticle/fluid atom complex in a form where constituting atoms ofthe liquid fluid material are adsorbed on a surface of the nanoparticlesformed in the vaporized mixture is separated from other atomicconstituents of the liquid fluid and nanoparticles depending on massdifferences; a collection chamber connected to the molecular-beamchamber, in which the separated nanoparticle/fluid atom complex iscollected under vacuum atmosphere; and a uniform mixing unit to mix anddisperse the nanoparticle/fluid atom complex in the liquid fluid isprovided in a downstream of the collection chamber.
 2. The productionapparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluidaccording to claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle is at least one kind ofultrafine particle selected from a metal or a nonmetal.
 3. Theproduction apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquidfluid according to claim 1, wherein a size of the nanoparticle is formedso as to be not larger than 1000 nm in diameter.
 4. The productionapparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluidaccording to claim 1, wherein the performance enhancement representsreduction in a specific reactivity possessed by the liquid fluid as thebase material.
 5. The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersedhigh-performance liquid fluid according to claim 1, wherein the liquidfluid that is the base material is liquid sodium.
 6. The productionapparatus for nanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluidaccording to claim 5, wherein the performance enhancement representsreduction in the reactivity to air or water possessed by the liquidsodium that is the base material.
 7. The production apparatus fornanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according to claim5, wherein the performance enhancement represents reduction in theminute-crack penetration property possessed by the liquid sodium that isthe base material.
 8. The production apparatus fornanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according to claim5, wherein the performance enhancement represents enhancement of thebrightness of D-line emission specific to the liquid sodium that is thebase material.
 9. The production apparatus for nanoparticle-dispersedhigh-performance liquid fluid according to claim 1, wherein themolecular-beam chamber includes skimmers arranged along a flow directionof the nanoparticle/fluid atom complex.
 10. The production apparatus fornanoparticle-dispersed high-performance liquid fluid according to claim1, wherein the collection chamber includes a collection plate toobstruct the nanoparticle/fluid atom complex.